Hazardous Waste refers to any solid, liquid or gaseous material that exhibits one or more dangerous characteristics - ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, toxicity, eco-toxicity, infectiousness or radioactivity - or is specifically listed by regulation (e.g., EU List of Wastes, U.S. RCRA, Basel Convention). The topic covers:

• identification and segregation of hazardous waste streams from production processes, laboratories, maintenance, healthcare, mining, and remediation activities;
• quantification, classification and labelling in accordance with applicable regulations and transport codes (UN numbers, ADR, IMDG);
• on-site handling, storage and pre-treatment (containment, secondary containment, ventilation, spill-prevention) to prevent releases and cross-contamination;
• selection, auditing and monitoring of licensed downstream treatment and disposal routes - recovery (solvent recycling, precious-metal reclamation), neutralisation, incineration with energy recovery, secured landfill;
• record-keeping, manifesting, reporting and inventory reduction targets aligned with frameworks such as GRI 306-3/306-4, EU ESRS E5, ISO 14001 and the Basel & Stockholm Conventions.