Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) reviews how a company systematically identifies, assesses, prioritises and mitigates strategic, operational, financial, regulatory, technological and ESG-related risks and opportunities across the organisation. It spans:

• a formal ERM framework (e.g., COSO, ISO 31000) that defines risk-governance roles, risk appetite/tolerance, and integration into strategy and budgeting;
structured processes for risk identification (horizon-scanning, stakeholder input), evaluation (likelihood, impact, velocity), aggregation and reporting to senior management and the board;linkage of key risks to controls, mitigation plans, insurance, crisis-management and business-continuity provisions;use of quantitative and qualitative tools (scenario analysis, stress testing, Monte Carlo simulation) to inform decision-making;continuous monitoring, internal-audit validation and disclosure of principal risks and responses in line with frameworks such as COSO ERM, ISO 31000, TCFD/ISSB, and EU ESRS cross-cutting risk requirements.