Circular Economy assesses how a company rethinks product and process design, business models and value-chain relationships to close material loops and eliminate waste. It covers:

• Product and packaging design: embedding durability, modularity, mono-materials and recycled inputs from the earliest R&D stage.
• Business-model innovation: new models such as leasing, product-as-a-service, sharing platforms, repair & remanufacturing and industrial symbiosis.
• Reverse logistics & recovery: integrated take-back schemes, on-site reclamation, supply-chain partnerships and digital product passports to capture value from end-of-life.
• Metrics & governance: material circularity indicators, recycled-content targets, waste-avoidance KPIs and board oversight, with disclosure under EU ESRS E5, ISO 59010 and SDG 12.